[𝘐 𝘢𝘮 𝘴𝘰 𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘧𝘶𝘭 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘢 𝘨𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘱 𝘰𝘧 𝘧𝘳𝘪𝘦𝘯𝘥𝘴 𝘸𝘩𝘰 𝘩𝘶𝘯𝘨𝘦𝘳 𝘵𝘰 𝘬𝘯𝘰𝘸 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘩𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘵 𝘰𝘧 𝘎𝘖𝘋 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘸𝘦𝘭𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘦𝘥 𝘮𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘫𝘰𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘪𝘳 𝘸𝘦𝘦𝘬𝘭𝘺 𝘉𝘪𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘴𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘺 𝘢 𝘧𝘦𝘸 𝘺𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘴 𝘢𝘨𝘰. 𝘞𝘦 𝘮𝘦𝘦𝘵 𝘰𝘯 𝘡𝘰𝘰𝘮 𝘰𝘯 𝘛𝘩𝘶𝘳𝘴𝘥𝘢𝘺 𝘯𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘴𝘱𝘳𝘪𝘯𝘨, 𝘸𝘦 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘦𝘹𝘤𝘪𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘵𝘰 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘨𝘩 𝘢𝘯 𝘌𝘮𝘮𝘢𝘶𝘴 𝘤𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘴𝘦, “𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘓𝘦𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘳 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘙𝘰𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘴”, 𝘣𝘺 𝘞𝘪𝘭𝘭𝘪𝘢𝘮 𝘔𝘢𝘤𝘋𝘰𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘥. 𝘐 𝘭𝘰𝘰𝘬 𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘸𝘢𝘳𝘥 𝘵𝘰 𝘴𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘮𝘺 𝘳𝘦𝘧𝘭𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘴 𝘢𝘴 𝘸𝘦 𝘫𝘰𝘶𝘳𝘯𝘦𝘺 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘨𝘩 𝘗𝘢𝘶𝘭’𝘴 𝘭𝘦𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘳 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘣𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘙𝘰𝘮𝘦.]

I will admit it took me a bit of time to understand Paul’s train of thought in Romans chapter 2. 

Not feeling sure about how to process what I had just read, I found it helpful to re-read and re-read Romans 2, look back over Romans 1, listen to both passages on audio recording, and pray for wisdom and guidance from the Holy Spirit. 

I realized it may be difficult to dig into this set of verses in isolation for a few reasons:

• In chapter one, Paul said he was writing to believers, “all those in Rome who are loved by GOD and are called to be His own holy people” (1:7).  In chapter two, he seemed to directly address those who are not yet believers and desperately need the gospel.  So, this left me wondering to whom, exactly, was he writing?
• In chapter one, Paul rightfully declared that “the Good News tells us how GOD makes us right in His sight.  This is accomplished from start to finish by faith” (1:17).  In chapter two, he made a seemingly contradictory statement: “GOD will judge everyone according to what they have done” (2:6).  Paul’s passion to present a clear message of the gospel now seemed confusing – was right standing with GOD accomplished by faith or by works?
• In chapter one, Paul was excited about the “privilege to tell Gentiles everywhere what GOD has done for them, so that they will believe and obey Him, bringing glory to His Name” (1:5).  But, by the second half of chapter two, Paul turned his attention to those born of Jewish descent.  It was becoming clear that the Gentiles were not Paul’s singular focus.

Our Emmaus study guide offered a lot of help to understand this chapter.  In his comments (pp 21-27), William MacDonald suggested a continuation of Paul’s thoughts about different groups of people in need of the gospel, starting at the end of chapter one: those who reject GOD (1:18-32), those who are self-righteous, believing themselves to be in better standing before GOD than others (2:1-24), and those who are of Jewish descent, believing their heritage and obedience to circumcision grant them a special relationship with GOD (2:25-29). 

Paul may have written to believers in Rome, but he used that opportunity to spell out his burden for ALL who needed to hear the Good News about JESUS CHRIST!

Mr. MacDonald also shared some insightful conclusions we can draw from Romans 2 about the judgment of GOD (pp 22-25):

• 𝘪𝘵 𝘪𝘴 𝘢𝘤𝘤𝘰𝘳𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘵𝘩 (𝟸:𝟸) – 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘣𝘢𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘰𝘯 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘱𝘭𝘦𝘵𝘦, 𝘪𝘯𝘢𝘤𝘤𝘶𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘦, 𝘰𝘳 𝘤𝘪𝘳𝘤𝘶𝘮𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘦𝘷𝘪𝘥𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘦
• 𝘪𝘵 𝘪𝘴 𝘪𝘯𝘦𝘴𝘤𝘢𝘱𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦 (𝟸:𝟹) – 𝘶𝘯𝘭𝘦𝘴𝘴 𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘴 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘰𝘧 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘨𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘨𝘩 𝘊𝘏𝘙𝘐𝘚𝘛
• 𝘪𝘵 𝘪𝘴 𝘴𝘰𝘮𝘦𝘵𝘪𝘮𝘦𝘴 𝘥𝘦𝘭𝘢𝘺𝘦𝘥 (𝟸:𝟺) – 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘨𝘰𝘰𝘥𝘯𝘦𝘴𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘎𝘖𝘋 𝘪𝘴 𝘢𝘪𝘮𝘦𝘥 𝘢𝘵 𝘭𝘦𝘢𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘮𝘦𝘯 𝘵𝘰 𝘳𝘦𝘱𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦
• 𝘪𝘵 𝘪𝘴 𝘨𝘳𝘢𝘥𝘶𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘢𝘤𝘤𝘰𝘳𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘰 𝘢𝘤𝘤𝘶𝘮𝘶𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘨𝘶𝘪𝘭𝘵 (𝟸:𝟻) – 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘵𝘶𝘣𝘣𝘰𝘳𝘯 𝘴𝘵𝘰𝘤𝘬𝘱𝘪𝘭𝘦 𝘫𝘶𝘥𝘨𝘦𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘢𝘨𝘢𝘪𝘯𝘴𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘮𝘴𝘦𝘭𝘷𝘦𝘴
• 𝘪𝘵 𝘸𝘪𝘭𝘭 𝘣𝘦 𝘢𝘤𝘤𝘰𝘳𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘰 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘴 (𝟸:𝟼–𝟷𝟷) – 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘪𝘳 𝘰𝘸𝘯 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘵 𝘸𝘪𝘭𝘭 𝘳𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘢𝘭 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘪𝘳 𝘩𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘴
• 𝘪𝘵 𝘪𝘴 𝘪𝘮𝘱𝘰𝘴𝘴𝘪𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘩𝘶𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘵𝘰 𝘣𝘦 𝘫𝘶𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘺 𝘭𝘢𝘸–𝘬𝘦𝘦𝘱𝘪𝘯𝘨 (𝟸:𝟷𝟸–𝟷𝟹) – 𝘪𝘵 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘯𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘳 𝘎𝘖𝘋’𝘴 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘺𝘰𝘯𝘦 𝘣𝘦 𝘴𝘢𝘷𝘦𝘥 𝘣𝘺 𝘬𝘦𝘦𝘱𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘭𝘢𝘸 (𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘭𝘢𝘸 𝘥𝘦𝘮𝘢𝘯𝘥𝘴 𝘰𝘣𝘦𝘥𝘪𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘦, 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘩 𝘪𝘴 𝘪𝘮𝘱𝘰𝘴𝘴𝘪𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘥𝘰) – 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘓𝘢𝘸 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘪𝘨𝘯𝘦𝘥 𝘵𝘰 𝘢𝘸𝘢𝘬𝘦𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘤𝘪𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘢 𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘴𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘧𝘶𝘭𝘯𝘦𝘴𝘴
• 𝘪𝘵 𝘸𝘪𝘭𝘭 𝘵𝘢𝘬𝘦 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘢𝘤𝘤𝘰𝘶𝘯𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘴𝘦𝘤𝘳𝘦𝘵𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘮𝘦𝘯, 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘫𝘶𝘴𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘪𝘳 𝘱𝘶𝘣𝘭𝘪𝘤 𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘴 (𝟸:𝟷𝟼) 

Man’s only hope in the face of GOD’s judgment is repentance.  “𝘙𝘦𝘱𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘮𝘦𝘢𝘯𝘴 𝘢𝘯 𝘢𝘣𝘰𝘶𝘵-𝘧𝘢𝘤𝘦, 𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘯𝘦’𝘴 𝘣𝘢𝘤𝘬 𝘰𝘯 𝘴𝘪𝘯, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘩𝘦𝘢𝘥𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘰𝘱𝘱𝘰𝘴𝘪𝘵𝘦 𝘥𝘪𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯.  𝘐𝘵 𝘪𝘴 𝘢 𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘥 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘩 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘦𝘴 𝘢 𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘦 𝘪𝘯 𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘪𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘦 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘩 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘢 𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯.  𝘐𝘵 𝘴𝘪𝘨𝘯𝘪𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘢 𝘮𝘢𝘯 𝘵𝘢𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘴𝘪𝘥𝘦𝘴 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘎𝘖𝘋 𝘢𝘨𝘢𝘪𝘯𝘴𝘵 𝘩𝘪𝘮𝘴𝘦𝘭𝘧 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘴” (𝘱 𝟸𝟸).  

It is from this place of true repentance that we can fall on the mercy and grace of salvation through CHRIST alone, through faith in His finished work of redemption for us.

This is the truth we hold.  The truth told throughout Scripture.  So, how do we make sense of verses in Romans 2 that speak of GOD’s judgment based on “what we have done” (2:6)?  

What did Paul mean when he said, “GOD will give eternal life to those who keep on doing good, seeking after the glory and honor and immortality that GOD offers.  But He will pour out His anger and wrath on those who lives for themselves, who refuse to obey the truth and instead live lives of wickedness.” (2:7-8)?

Mr. MacDonald wisely pointed us to John 6:28-29, where Jesus said, “This is the work of GOD, that you believe in Him whom He has sent.”  

“𝘚𝘰, 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘪𝘳𝘴𝘵 “𝘨𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬” 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘺𝘰𝘯𝘦 𝘤𝘢𝘯 𝘥𝘰 𝘪𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘣𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘦𝘷𝘦 𝘰𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘓𝘖𝘙𝘋 𝘑𝘌𝘚𝘜𝘚 𝘊𝘏𝘙𝘐𝘚𝘛… 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘮𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘴𝘪𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘶𝘯𝘴𝘢𝘷𝘦𝘥 𝘸𝘪𝘭𝘭 𝘣𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘺 𝘩𝘢𝘷𝘦 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘣𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘥 𝘪𝘯 𝘑𝘌𝘚𝘜𝘚 𝘢𝘴 𝘓𝘖𝘙𝘋 (𝘑𝘰𝘩𝘯 𝟹:𝟷𝟾). 𝘉𝘦𝘺𝘰𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵, 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘪𝘳 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘴 𝘸𝘪𝘭𝘭 𝘥𝘦𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘮𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘥𝘦𝘨𝘳𝘦𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘪𝘳 𝘱𝘶𝘯𝘪𝘴𝘩𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵 (𝘓𝘶𝘬𝘦 𝟷𝟸:𝟺𝟽-𝟺𝟾)” (𝘱 𝟸𝟸).

“𝘉𝘦𝘭𝘪𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘤𝘢𝘯𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘱𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘺 𝘨𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘴 𝘣𝘺 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘩 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘺 𝘮𝘪𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘯 𝘰𝘳 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘷𝘦 𝘴𝘢𝘭𝘷𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯. 𝘈𝘭𝘭 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘪𝘳 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘴 𝘣𝘦𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘦 𝘴𝘢𝘭𝘷𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘸𝘦𝘳𝘦 𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘧𝘶𝘭. 𝘉𝘶𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘣𝘭𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘰𝘧 𝘊𝘩𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘵 𝘩𝘢𝘴 𝘸𝘪𝘱𝘦𝘥 𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘢𝘴𝘵. 𝘕𝘰𝘸 𝘎𝘖𝘋 𝘏𝘪𝘮𝘴𝘦𝘭𝘧 𝘤𝘢𝘯𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘧𝘪𝘯𝘥 𝘢𝘯𝘺 𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘳𝘨𝘦 𝘢𝘨𝘢𝘪𝘯𝘴𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘮 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘩 𝘵𝘰 𝘴𝘦𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘮 𝘵𝘰 𝘩𝘦𝘭𝘭. 𝘖𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘺 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘴𝘢𝘷𝘦𝘥, 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘺 𝘣𝘦𝘨𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘰 𝘱𝘳𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘨𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘴 – 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘯𝘦𝘤𝘦𝘴𝘴𝘢𝘳𝘪𝘭𝘺 𝘨𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘭𝘥’𝘴 𝘦𝘺𝘦𝘴, 𝘣𝘶𝘵 𝘨𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘴 𝘢𝘴 𝘎𝘖𝘋 𝘴𝘦𝘦𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘮. 𝘛𝘩𝘦𝘪𝘳 𝘨𝘰𝘰𝘥 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘴 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵 𝘰𝘧 𝘣𝘦𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘴𝘢𝘷𝘦𝘥, 𝘯𝘰𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘢𝘵𝘵𝘦𝘮𝘱𝘵𝘴 𝘵𝘰 𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘯 𝘪𝘵. 𝘈𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘫𝘶𝘥𝘨𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘴𝘦𝘢𝘵 𝘰𝘧 𝘊𝘩𝘳𝘪𝘴𝘵, 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘪𝘳 𝘸𝘰𝘳𝘬𝘴 𝘸𝘪𝘭𝘭 𝘣𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘷𝘪𝘦𝘸𝘦𝘥, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘺 𝘸𝘪𝘭𝘭 𝘣𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘸𝘢𝘳𝘥𝘦𝘥 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘢𝘭𝘭 𝘧𝘢𝘪𝘵𝘩𝘧𝘶𝘭 𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘷𝘪𝘤𝘦” (𝘱𝟸𝟹).

Left to our own devices, we are not capable of doing anything “good.”  Our deeds may be considered “good” in our own eyes or even the estimation of others around us.  However, the only definition of “good” that matters is GOD’s.  In His eyes, there is “no one who seeks GOD.  All have turned away; all have become corrupt.  No one does good, not a single one!” (Psalm 14:2). 

If it is right standing with GOD that we desire, we must only consider what He declares to be good.

From John 6, then, we agree with Mr. MacDonald’s conclusion that the only “good” thing we can do is to believe in the One GOD has sent to be our Savior!  If we refuse to accept salvation through faith alone in CHRIST alone, then GOD’s only choice is to judge us by our works, none of which will meet His standard of righteousness.  

BUT (oh, that glorious word, “but!”), when we DO believe in the One GOD has sent, we receive eternal life (John 3:16), and the rest of Paul’s words will be true of us: we will “seek after the glory and honor and immortality that GOD offers” (2:7) and we will experience “glory and honor and peace from GOD” (2:10).

As mentioned earlier, in the second half of Romans 2, Paul specifically addressed those of Jewish descent who believed they enjoyed a special relationship with GOD because of their blood line and/or observance of the laws of circumcision.  It appears this was the beginning of a longer part of Paul’s letter (continuing into chapter 3), where he answered questions and objections to the gospel centering around Jewish laws and traditions.

How does the law fit into the Good News of salvation through faith in Christ?  How can we be accepted by GOD, identified as those who belong to Him as His beloved, chosen people?

It will be interesting to see how Paul’s thoughts unfold in our next lesson.  For now, we can rest in one clear truth: in GOD’s eyes, “a true Jew is one whose heart is right with GOD.  And true circumcision is not merely obeying the letter of the law; rather, it is a change of heart produced by GOD’s Spirit.  And a person with a changed heart seeks praise from GOD, not from people”(2:29).

I am so grateful for GOD’s eternal plan of redemption.  He used the law to expose my inability to make myself acceptable to Him and to position me to reach in helpless desperation for the only true rescue available (from GOD alone).  The Father offered His own Son to take His wrath against my sin upon Himself.  

Sin could have blinded me to my need of a Savior.  Sin could have puffed up pride in my own “goodness” or privileged upbringing or led me to determined self-reliance. Praise GOD that His Spirit touched my heart, breaking through any of my barriers with light and love and truth, drawing me to trust in CHRIST alone!

When you believed in CHRIST, He identified you as His own by giving you the Holy Spirit, whom He promised long ago.  The Spirit is GOD’s guarantee that He will give us the inheritance He promised and that He has purchased us to be His own people.  He did this so we would praise and glorify Him.  (Ephesians 1:13-14)

RESOURCES:

“The Letter to the ROMANS,” by William MacDonald, Emmaus Worldwide, 2020, Revised 2023.

The Bible Project, video summary of the book of Romans, Parts 1 & 2.

https://bibleproject.com/explore/video/romans-1-4/

https://bibleproject.com/explore/video/romans-5-16/

“Knowing the Bible: Romans”, by Jared C. Wilson, The Gospel Coalition,  thegospelcoalition.org .